19.09.12
~Environmental Testing~
Paper Testing
21.08.12
20.08.12
From Spectro Family
19.08.12
~Environmental Testing~
06.09.12
Paper Testing
What are the Main Characteristics of Paper?
Main characteristics of Paper:- Tensile Strength, Bursting Strength, Tearing Strength,
Folding Endurance, Optical Characteristics include Brightness, Opacity, Transparency, Gloss.
Structural Properties: Basis Weight and Gram mage, Thickness, Formation, Smoothness, Porosity.
What is Porosity and Bursting Strength?
Porosity:- Property of containing connected air voids. It is dependent upon the number
of voids and their distribution in size, shape and orientation. It indicates how a sheet will
respond to fluid penetration eg. In printing paper how printing inks will penetrate and spread.
Greaseproof paper must have a very low air permeability/porosity in order to perform properly.
Cigarette paper must have controlled permeability so as to give a uniform burning rate.
Bursting Strength:- A measure of the ability of a sheet to resist rupture when pressure is applied to one of its side. This is one of the oldest tests used by the paper industry and is relatively easy and inexpensive to run for quality control.
Bursting Strength:- A measure of the ability of a sheet to resist rupture when pressure is applied to one of its side. This is one of the oldest tests used by the paper industry and is relatively easy and inexpensive to run for quality control.
What is Grammages/sq.mt. (gsm) ?
Weight of paper of 1 sq. mtr. area in grams, i.e gms per square meter abbreviated
as gsm or grammage. In the production and conversion of paper, two characteristics of
utmost importance are weight and area.
21.08.12
Mechanical Testing
Spectro provides a comprehensive and exhaustive range of mechanical
testing services, which is an extremely important step in the final evaluation
of various mechanical properties. The test specimens can be imagined as
specialized engineering components in which a known stress or strain state is
applied and the material properties are inferred from the resulting mechanical
response. Test specimens are prepared for metallic and non-metallic materials
according to the accepted national and international test protocols like IS,
ASTM, BS etc.
The Mechanical properties of a material reflect its response to external forces. Mechanical engineering tests are performed to quantitatively determine various mechanical properties of materials. Measuring the mechanical properties/strength of materials (Raw materials & Finished products) is of paramount importance while deciding about their potential performance, and also indicates whether there are inherent flaws in their designs. Important Mechanical properties include Strength (Tensile, Yield & Tear), Hardness, Impact resistance, Fatigue resistance, ductility, toughness, brittleness, etc. Knowledge of such properties gives a fundamental idea about the performance of the test materials under a wide variety of actual-use conditions and environments, and hence guides the user of the product about its suitability which eventually helps in the commercial decision-making process. The results of Mechanical tests are used for two primary purposes: (1) Engineering Design & Development/Construction, and 2) Quality Control, either by the product manufacturer to verify the process used or by the end user to confirm the conformity of the test material to the relevant specifications.
Spectro has a fully equipped and competent in-house Mechanical Testing Facility to provide precise, reproducible and reliable determination of various Mechanical tests like Tensile strength, Compressive strength, Bend/re-bend test, Impact test (Charpy), Flattening test, Hardness test, weldability and tests of various other mechanical and engineering properties. Spectro also specializes in Proof Stress test and Tensile test at elevated temperatures. Tests are meticulously conducted as per various national and international standards like IS, ASTM, BS, ISO, etc. or client-specified standards, and the compliance of test items to various specifications is properly and accurately decided.
The Mechanical properties of a material reflect its response to external forces. Mechanical engineering tests are performed to quantitatively determine various mechanical properties of materials. Measuring the mechanical properties/strength of materials (Raw materials & Finished products) is of paramount importance while deciding about their potential performance, and also indicates whether there are inherent flaws in their designs. Important Mechanical properties include Strength (Tensile, Yield & Tear), Hardness, Impact resistance, Fatigue resistance, ductility, toughness, brittleness, etc. Knowledge of such properties gives a fundamental idea about the performance of the test materials under a wide variety of actual-use conditions and environments, and hence guides the user of the product about its suitability which eventually helps in the commercial decision-making process. The results of Mechanical tests are used for two primary purposes: (1) Engineering Design & Development/Construction, and 2) Quality Control, either by the product manufacturer to verify the process used or by the end user to confirm the conformity of the test material to the relevant specifications.
Spectro has a fully equipped and competent in-house Mechanical Testing Facility to provide precise, reproducible and reliable determination of various Mechanical tests like Tensile strength, Compressive strength, Bend/re-bend test, Impact test (Charpy), Flattening test, Hardness test, weldability and tests of various other mechanical and engineering properties. Spectro also specializes in Proof Stress test and Tensile test at elevated temperatures. Tests are meticulously conducted as per various national and international standards like IS, ASTM, BS, ISO, etc. or client-specified standards, and the compliance of test items to various specifications is properly and accurately decided.
(Literature is taken from Spectro Analytical Labs Limited, New Delhi)
20.08.12
From Spectro Family
19.08.12
METAL
& ALLOYS TESTING:
Spectro
can perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of maximum
known elements in the periodic table is it metals, non-metals or alloys. We are
using both traditional techniques, i.e. wet methods as well as instrumental
methods for conducting the metal & alloy testing. The laboratory possesses
modern and sophisticated instrument like Spark OES. The technique offers the advantage
of multi-element analysis with very high Sensitivity/low detection limit
for all the elements. We are the first laboratory in India to introduce the use
of spark optical emission spectrometer (Spark OES) techniques for analysis of
almost all the known metals in the solid form. This method has largest capability
in our country to analyze any metal i.e. Ferrous, Non-ferrous or precious
Metals.
Other
instruments also available with us (ICP-OES, XRF besides AAS) for analyze Metal
& its alloy. Except AAS other instruments also offer the advantage of
multiple-element analysis like Spark OES.
The Spark
OES technique operates on a robust reliable technology, and the same time it is
the mostly used technique in the analysis of all kinds of metals & their alloys
in the solid form. This technique is so popular because of extremely speedy
analysis of almost all the unknown elements with high accuracy. The two primary
reasons behind the unparalleled efficiency of Spark OES are minimal sample
preparation time (no sample dissolution is required) and extremely high
sample-analysis throughput (approximately 300-400 samples per day). To achieve
repeatable & reliable results by Spark OES, it is imperative to have
substantial quantities of Reference materials covering a wide range of concentrations
which are required to calibrate the instrument. Spectro has a huge range of
Certified Reference Material (CRM) & Standard Reference Material (SRM) to
cover the entire spectrum of metals & its alloys.
Those
samples which cannot be analyzed by Spark OES for elemental composition are
analyzed by XRF or by ICP-OES Spectrometer. The XRF spectrometer has the
capability to analyze elements from sodium to uranium in the periodic table,
while the ICP can analyze all those sample forms and many other elements not
possible by the above-mentioned techniques. All precious and rare metals are
now possible to be analyzed by these techniques. Hazardous/toxic elements and
restricted substances, like Pb, Cd, Hg and total Cr are analyzed by the
aforementioned techniques in samples like plastics, toys and rubbers, in order
to see their compliance with various national and international regulatory
authorities.
18.08.12
Corrosion Testing
Corrosion can be defined as a chemical or electrochemical reaction between a
material, usually a metal or an alloy, and its environment that generally leads to its
deterioration. The word ‘Corrode’ . has been derived from the Latin
‘Corrodere’., which implies “to gnaw to pieces”. It is, more often than not, a
degradation process which results in the loss of function of the affected material, and the
degree of severity of corrosion depends on a number of factors, but primarily on the
environmental parameters like humidity, temperature, chemical composition of corrodants, etc.
Aqueous Corrosion, or Corrosion in environments containing water, is the most common or
prevalent form of corrosion and water is arguably the most potent agent for this erosive
process. The most common and well-known example of corrosion is ‘Rusting’.
of iron.
Types of Corrosion
Corrosion can be classified into a number of different types. depending on the
physical pattern or morphology of the attack. Some of the types of aqueous corrosion are:
Uniform or general corrosion, Pitting corrosion, Crevice corrosion, Galvanic corrosion,
Erosion corrosion, Inter-granular corrosion, and environmentally assisted cracking.
ffects of Corrosion
Corrosion affects a number of different materials, made of metals and alloys, and the effect
can be seen in domestic buildings and industries. The need to be aware and conscious of
corrosion stems from the fact that corrosion causes huge economic losses, endangers human
safety, and can also adversely affects our environment. Examples of prodigious economic loss
due to corrosion include electrical power plants and chemical processing plants. Shutdown of
such plants can occur due to corrosion.
Importance of Corrosion Testing
Prevention of corrosion can be effected by various means, and thereafter the importance of
‘Corrosion testing’ can be appreciated. ‘Corrosion testing’ or ‘Corrosion Resistance Test’
is aimed at checking the ability of the test material to withstand the artificially induced
corrosive environment, without disintegration. Various tests of corrosion exist, and they
relate to the different types of corrosive environment that the test materials can be
exposed to. The results from ‘Corrosion testing’ can also be used for ‘Failure Analysis’
of a number of commercially important engineering materials.
Spectro is extremely competent to undertake any kind of Corrosion testing, and the testing activities are carried out exactly as per set standard conditions.
15.08.12Spectro is extremely competent to undertake any kind of Corrosion testing, and the testing activities are carried out exactly as per set standard conditions.
HAPPY INDEPENDENCE DAY FROM SPECTRO FAMILY
13.08.12
Spectro News on Dainik Jagran (12.08.12)
No comments:
Post a Comment